导读：之一法则:机器人不得伤害人类，或坐视人类受到伤害。第二法则:除非违背之一法则，机器人必须服从人类的命令。第三法则在不违背之一及第二法则下，机器人必须保护自己。是为了说明人类和机械之间的关系。随着技术的发展，三定律可能成为未来机器人的安全准则
之一法则:机器人不得伤害人类，或坐视人类受到伤害。
第二法则:除非违背之一法则，机器人必须服从人类的命令。
第三法则在不违背之一及第二法则下，机器人必须保护自己。
是为了说明人类和机械之间的关系。随着技术的发展，三定律可能成为未来机器人的安全准则。
虽然这三条定律看起来堪称完美，但是，“人类的整体 利益”这种混沌 的概念，连人类自己都搞不明白，更不要说那些用0和 1来想问题的机器人了。
威尔·史密斯曾说：“《我，机器人》的中心概念是机器人没有问题，科技 本身也不是问题，人 类逻辑的极限才是真正的问题。”
机器人三原则是1940年由科幻作家阿西莫夫所提出的为保护人类的对机器人做出的规定。
之一法则:机器人不得伤害人类，或坐视人类受到伤害。
第二法则:除非违背之一法则，机器人必须服从人类的命令。
第三法则在不违背之一及第二法则下，机器人必须保护自己。
是为了说明人类和机械之间的关系。随着技术的发展，三定律可能成为未来机器人的安全准则。
虽然这三条定律看起来堪称完美，但是，“人类的整体 利益”这种混沌 的概念，连人类自己都搞不明白，更不要说那些用0和 1来想问题的机器人了。
威尔·史密斯曾说：“《我，机器人》的中心概念是机器人没有问题，科技 本身也不是问题，人 类逻辑的极限才是真正的问题。”
机器人三原则是1940年由科幻作家阿西莫夫所提出的为保护人类的对机器人做出的规定。
之一法则:机器人不得伤害人类，或坐视人类受到伤害；
第二法则:除非违背之一法则，机器人必须服从人类的命令；
第三法则在不违背之一及第二法则下，机器人必须保护自己。
第零法则机器人不得伤害人类整体，或坐视人类整体受到伤害；
之一法则除非违背第零法则，机器人不得伤害人类，或坐视人类受到伤害；
第二法则除非违背第零或之一法则，机器人必须服从人类的命令；
第三法则在不违背第零至第二法则下，机器人必须保护自己。
————以上内容来自。
出现这一法则定律，最直观的就是保护人类的利益，不被机器人侵犯。
也许以后机器人会产生智慧、会自己思考，依靠这一法则来禁锢人工智能的思维，不威胁人类的主导地位。
1abstract art : 抽象派艺术
A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes formal values over the representation of subject matter
强调形式至上，忽视内容的一种非写实主义绘画风格
Kandinsky produced abstract art characterized by imagery that had a musical quality
康定斯创作的抽象派作品有一种音乐美。
2abstract expressioni *** : 抽象表现派；抽象表现主义
A nonrepresentational style that emphasizes emotion, strong color, and giving primacy to the act of painting
把绘画本身作为目的，以表达情感和浓抹重涂为特点的非写实主义风格。
Abstract expressioni *** was at its peak in the 1940s and 1950s
20世纪四五十年代是抽象表现艺术发展的顶峰时期。
3action painting : 动作画派
A term used to describe aggressive methods of applying paint
指使画布产生强烈动作效果的绘画风格。
Action painting often looks childish to the non-artist because of the
techniques used to apply paint, such as throwing it on the canvas
在外行看来，动作派的作品通常是幼稚的，这主要是因为画家采用的作画 *** ，比如将颜料泼洒在画布上。
4airbrush : 喷枪；气笔
A nozzled tube used to apply paint in a spray form
一种将颜料喷成雾状的喷嘴管。
The famous sexy robots in Japan are produced using an airbrush
那些性感的日本机器人就是用喷枪绘制成的。
5art deco ：装饰派艺术
A style dominant in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by repetitive, ornamental, and highly finished curvilinear and geometric designs, esp in synthetic materials such as plastics
盛行于20世纪二、三十年代的装饰艺术和建筑艺术风格，以重复的、装饰精美的曲线和几何图案为特点国，多采用塑料等合成材料。
Mary attended high school in a building that was famous for art deco style of architecture
Mary就读的中学以其装饰派建筑而闻名。
6art nouveau ：新艺术
A decorative style in which fluid, biomorphic lines and swirling motifs were emphasized
以曲折有致的天然生物形态为特色的装饰性风格。
Beardsley prints produced in the late 19th century are a good example of the style of art nouveau
19世纪末比乐兹利的作品是新艺术的典范。
7avent-garde : 先锋派
Innovative art in advance of popular ideas and images, characterized by unorthodox and experimental method
不拘于现有的创作定式，勇于创新超前思维的艺术形式。
The avant-garde home of the famous actress sold for millions
那位影星的先锋派住宅卖出了几百万美元的好价钱。
8Baroque ：巴罗克风格
An emotional, dramatic style of the 16th-18th century, anticlassical in form and spirit
流行于16至18世纪，以情感强烈、铺张浮华为特点的反古典主义的艺术风格。
Status and architecture from the Baroque have a dark, muscular, looming quality about them
巴罗克风格的雕塑和建筑雄伟、高大、格调阴暗。
9batik ：蜡防印花
Painting on wax-treated cloth
在蜡布上作的画。
Susan learned about batik in college
苏珊在读大学时学过蜡防印花。
10Bauhaus ：包豪斯建筑风格
A design school that promoted functional and geometric elements in design
指包豪斯造型学院倡导的强调实用和几何学要素的建筑风格。
Bauhaus school of design in Germany changed the way that the world thought about design
德国的包豪斯造型学院倡导的艺术改变了世人的既定设计思维模式。
11Byzantine ：拜占庭艺术风格的
（adj） A term used to describe a style of art with strong religious content
艺术风格突出强烈宗教色彩的。
The Byzantine era extended from the 13th century and went into the 16th century and was characterized by art with religious influence
拜占庭式艺术始于13世纪，一直延续到16世纪，其主要特点是浓郁的宗教气息。
12calligraphy 书法艺术
Handwriting or penmanship, esp elegant or “beautiful” writing as a decorative art
书写的艺术，特别是优雅漂亮可作装饰的笔迹。
Calligraphy has practically become a lost art in today’s computerized society
在今天的电脑时代，书法艺术差不多要消亡了。
13cartoon 草图，底图
A full-size, preliminary painting or sketch for a completed work
一部完整艺术作品的雏形。
Leonardo da Vinci’s cartoon of the Virgin Mary and Saint Anne hangs in the British National Gallery
达·芬奇的圣母马丽亚和圣安妮画像的草图现存于英国国家美术馆。
14ceramics
(1)The art of making objects such as pottery or clay
(2)The objects themselves
陶器 *** 艺术；陶器制品。
Savannah enjoys making ceramic pottery
萨文喜欢做陶器。
15collage ：拼贴艺术
A composition of found objects, newspaper, and cloth over other material on a single surface
把拣得的报纸、碎布等在画面上粘贴成画。
We used to make computer collages when I was in college by first pasting various items together and then using a video camera to tran *** it the image onto a computer screen
我们在大学时曾用电脑 *** 拼贴画。其步骤是：首先，将各种材料粘在一起，然后用摄像机将图像传送到电脑上。
16composition ：艺术作品
Aesthetically pleasing, harmonious, and effective arrangement of parts to form a whole
各部分和谐生动、符合美学规律的作品。
Matisse used color and shapes and worked back and forth until he felt he had achieved a balanced composition
马蒂斯反复调试色彩、构思图案，终于画了一幅布局和谐的作品。
17computer art 计算机艺术 2
Electronically produced images displayed on video screen
在屏幕上显示运用电子手段设计图像的艺术。
Computer art become popular in the 1980s when computers started to become more available to the public
当80年代个人电脑开始普及之后，计算机艺术也流行起来。
18cubi *** ：立方主义；立体派
A style of art that departs from traditional reality, and emphasizes multifaceted, simultaneous views of subject and distorted perspectives(early 20th century)
20世纪初出现的一个艺术流派。它抛弃传统现实，强调艺术作品的形体结构，即同时性、多角度性及扭曲的视角。
Pablo Picasso played a principal role in the early movement of cubi ***
帕勃洛·毕加索在立体派早期发展中起首重要的推动作用。
19Dada ：达达主义
A style (1915-1925) with antirational approach and nihilistic, absurdist, and incongruous themes
流行于1915年至1925年间的艺术流派，其特点是反理性的创作手法和虚无、荒诞。矛盾的主题。
Dadai *** asked “what is art” and used humor and shock value as communicative elements
达达主义设问“什么是艺术？”并用幽默和让人震惊的色彩对比手法作答。
20drawing ：素描
A picture, design, or sketch done with lines in pen or pencil
用钢笔或铅笔勾勒出的图画、图案或写生图。
The drawings of Michelangelo were recently exhibited in New York
米开朗基罗的素描最近在纽约展出。
21expressioni *** ：表现主义
An early 20th-century style emphasizing emotional expression, strong color and composition, and a distorted, theatrical treatment of image
20世纪的一种艺术风格，强调情绪的表现，以浓重的色彩、鲜明的构图，扭曲、夸张的形象处理为特点。
Professor Bryer will be giving a lecture on expressioni *** tonight
今晚布莱恩教授有一个关于表现主义的讲座。
22fresco ：温壁画技法；湿壁画
A technique of painting directly on a wet, plaster surface
在潮湿的石膏表面上直接作画。
We all marveled at the beauty of the 17th century fresco
23funk art ：非理性艺术；恶臭艺术
A combination of painting and sculpture, deliberately messing and rough, often humorously depicting provocative subjects(US, mid-20th century)
20世纪中期出现在美国的一种艺术流派。故意杂乱无章、不加修饰的绘画与雕塑的融合。多以幽默的方式描绘 *** 性的场面。
Jeson has been collecting funk art since the mid 1960s
杰森从20世纪60年代中期就开始收集非理性艺术作品。
24futuri *** ：未来主义
A style glorifying modern technology, speed, and the machine age ( Italy, early 20th century )
颂扬现代技术、速度和机器时代的创作风格。起源于20世纪初的意大利。
Art from the era of futuri *** can be identified by a combination of machine elements, cubi *** , and motion
未来主义时期艺术的突出特点是机器法则、立方主义与运动机械的组合。
25genre ：风俗画
A realistic depiction of scenes from everyday domestic life 3
日常家居生活的写实画。
Who is your favorite genre painter
你最喜欢的风俗画家是谁？
26Gothic ：哥特风格
A style that emphasizes Christian imagery, brilliant color, and strong verticality in composition ( 12th – 16th century )
以基督教题材、亮丽的色彩、明显的垂直线条为特点的绘画风格。流行于12至16世纪。
Jean dislikes Gothic art because it feels too religious
吉不喜欢哥特风格的作品，因为它们的宗教色彩太浓。
27gouache ：树胶水彩颜料
An opaque watercolor bound with gum
由胶水调和的不透光水彩。
Do you like the quality of gouache in paintings
你喜欢水彩画吗？
28 graphic arts ：平面造型艺术
Those visual arts that are linear in character, such as drawing and engraving, esp those that involve printing and printmaking
平面视角艺术，特别是指与印刷业有关的素描、雕刻等。
The computer is now enabling anyone to produce and design and experiment with graphic art
计算机的出现使任何人都能制造、设计和试验平面视角艺术。
29hard-edge ：锋刃派绘画的；硬边画的
(adj) A style characterized by geometric abstraction, a flat picture plan, perfection of a surface, and graphic precision（US, mid-20th century）
流行于20世纪中期的美国，以轮廓分明的几何形体、精确的画面为特点的抽象绘画。
Patrick Nagel’s hard-edge style of 80’s women became one of the strongest images in the 20th century
派特克·纳哥尔的锋刃派风格的80年代妇女成了20世纪说明力的形象之一。
30history painting ：历史题材的绘画
An academic depiction of scenes from mythology, history, or the Bible
以神话、历史或圣经为题材的传统绘画。
Temple Square in Salt Lake City has a visitor center filled with history paintings
盐湖城的神殿广场有一个观光中心，里面存满了历史题材的绘画作品。
31hyperreali *** ：高度写实主义
An extension of photoreali *** in which depiction of subject is indistinguishable from reality (late 20th century)
20世纪末兴起的一种绘画流派。照相现实主义的延伸，强调对现实的临摹。
The interesting aspect of hyperreali *** is that it challenges the viewer to try to decide what is real and what isn’t
高度写实主义绘画很有意思的一点是，观者很难判断哪些是真实的，哪些是虚构的。
32impressioni *** ：印象主义，印象派
A style emphasizing the depiction of light and its effects, with the act of seeing as its primary subject (France 19th century
强调绘画中的光感，以视觉影象作为描绘对象。
Impressioni *** has long been one of the most popular art movements Van Gogh’s impressionistic painting entitled “Dr Gachet” was purchased for a world record $ 85 million by a Japanese investor
长期以来，印象主义一直是有影响力的艺术运动之一。凡高的印象派作品《盖什医生》被一名日本投资商以8500万美元的天价购得。
33Kakemono ：画轴 4
A Japanese vertical scroll painting
日本的一种垂直式卷轴画。
Debbie purchased several kakemono scrolls during her year as an exchange student in Japan
德比在日本做交换学生时买了几卷画轴。
34kinetic art ：活动艺术
Art characterized by the incorporation of painted and sculpted mechanical parts into an art piece that moves or creates the impression of movement
兴起于20世纪中期的一种与机械学相结合的艺术，采用活动部件，造成动感效果的雕塑艺术。
Kinetic art can be seen in front of many office buildings built during the 50’s and 60’s
在五、六十年代，办公大楼前的雕塑多属活动艺术作品。
35landscape ：风景画，山水画
A depiction of natural land forms, sometimes allegorical
以自然风景为主题，有时含有讽喻意义的作品。
Paula travels to New Mexico each summer to paint western landscapes
波拉每年夏天都去新墨西哥州画西部风景画。
36medium ：溶剂，调色剂，材料
A liquid in which pigment is mixed to form paint; a type of paint of coloring matter used in painting
绘画用的调和颜料的液体；艺术创作所使用的材料。
It’s sometimes fun to look at a painting and try to figure out what medium the artist used
有时猜猜一部艺术作品所使用的材料很有意思。
37Ming ：具有明代艺术特色的
(adj)Characteristic of a highly academic classici *** , esp in porcelains (China, 14th –17th centuries)
高度传统古典主义倾向的，特别是指与14至17世纪中国明代瓷器有关的艺术。
Dr Franks is an expert on porcelains from the Ming dynasty
38minimal art ：极简抽象艺术；最小主义艺术
An abstract, simple, reductionist style with absence of all but basic formal elements and primary colors (US mid-20th century)
美国20世纪中期兴起的一种艺术流派，其特点是抽象、简单、微缩，即把作品简略到基本抽象成分。
Minimali *** is characterized by space with very sparse design elements and helped launch the popular art slogan of “less is more”
最小主义艺术的特征是稀疏的画面，这一艺术促成了“简即繁”的艺术口号。
39moderni *** ：现代主义
A style that breaks with traditional art forms and searches for new modes of expression
一种新的、脱离传统艺术手法的表现形式。
Moderni *** became popular in the early part of the 20th century
现代主义在20世纪初开始流行起来。
40mosaic ：马赛克；镶嵌工艺，镶嵌画
An illustration composed of *** all, colored stones or tiles set into cement
用五颜六色的小石子或瓦片在水泥板上镶嵌面成的图案。
The new mall in town features a giant mosaic over the main entrance way
在城里新建的林荫道的主要入口处有一个巨大的镶嵌画。
（我觉得这句话应译成：城里新建的大型商场/购物中心的入口处有一巨幅镶嵌画。---southleaf）
41mural ：壁画；壁饰
A large-scale painting, usually on a wall or ceiling
通常挂在墙上或天花板上的巨幅画。
The McMullen’s have a giant mural painting along the hallway in their home
麦克伦家的门厅里有一幅巨型壁画。
41neoclassici *** ：新古典主义
A style modeled after proportion and restraint of Greek and Roman classical antiquity (late 18th, early 19th century)
模仿和借鉴古希腊罗马匀称、庄重建筑风格的艺术形式，盛行于18世纪末，19世纪初。
We knew that Mr Samuels was into neoclassici *** by the way that he had his courtyard decorated with nude statues
42new wave ：新浪潮
A combination of cartoon, graffiti, and performance art in a minimalist, unsophisticated style (late 20th century)
综合漫画、涂鸦和表演艺术的艺术形式，其风格简单自然。
There’s a new wave art show currently on exhibit up at the local college gallery
本地大学美术馆正在举办一个新浪潮艺术作品展。
43nude ：画，像
The undraped human figure, sometimes allegorical
无遮盖的人体画像，有时具有讽喻意义。
The nude has always played a powerful role in art throughout the ages
在艺术领域，画一直占有重要地位。
44oil paint ：油画颜料；油漆
Pigment mixed with drying oil, exp linseed oil
和亚麻油等干性油混制成的颜料。
You can buy a beginner’s set of oil paints for under $ 20
花不到20元，你就可以买到初学者所用的一套油画颜料。
45op art ：光效应艺术，视觉艺术
A style with graphic abstraction and pattern-oriented optical effects (mid-20th century)
利用几何图形和色彩对比给人以模棱两可的视幻觉艺术，起源于20世纪中期。
Riley and Vasarely are two noteable artists who made contributions in the illusory world of op art
瑞利和凡撒里这两位的艺术家为梦幻般的光效应艺术作出了贡献。
46performance art ：戏剧表演艺术
Use of paintings, sculpture, and video in live theatrical performance by the artist (late 20th century)
现场戏剧表演中艺术家掺入绘画、雕塑和摄像等形式的综合艺术。兴起于20世纪末。
We watched a program that featured performance art on TV last night
昨晚有一个电视节目介绍了表现派艺术。
47pastel ：彩色粉笔画
A crayon made of color ground with chalk and compounded with gum water into paste, often of pale color
粉笔作底色，用胶水调和色彩。色调淡雅。
Degas is probably my favorite pastel artist
德加大概算是我最喜欢的彩色粉笔画家了。
48perspective ：透视画法
A system of realistically depicting three-dimensional objects or views onto two-dimensional, flat surfaces through convergent lines and planes
以现实的手法，在两维的平面上，利用线和面趋向会合的视错觉原理刻画三维物体的艺术。
Perspective illustration provides a three-dimensional view of objects or views
透视画法提供了一个对物体或景色的三维视角。
49pictograph ：象形文字；图画文字 6
A picture symbolizing an idea or object, used as an early form of writing
代表一个思想或物体的图画。属早期的文字。
Three men were arrested for vandalizing ancient pictographs found I the canyons of southern Utah
50pointilli *** ：点画法；点彩派
Neo-impressioni *** characterized by the use of tiny, closely spaced dots or points of color that blend to produce a luminous quality
新印象主义画法，用微小、密集的彩色点混合后产生一种夺目的效果。
The painting “Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte” by Seurat is probably the most famous work of pointilli ***
修拉的《在拉·格兰德·加特岛的一个星期天下午》大概是最有名的点彩派画了。
之一法则:机器人不得伤害人类，或坐视人类受到伤害；
第二法则:除非违背之一法则，机器人必须服从人类的命令；
第三法则在不违背之一及第二法则下，机器人必须保护自己。
第零法则机器人不得伤害人类整体，或坐视人类整体受到伤害；
之一法则除非违背第零法则，机器人不得伤害人类，或坐视人类受到伤害；
第二法则除非违背第零或之一法则，机器人必须服从人类的命令；
第三法则在不违背第零至第二法则下，机器人必须保护自己。
————以上内容来自。
出现这一法则定律，最直观的就是保护人类的利益，不被机器人侵犯。
也许以后机器人会产生智慧、会自己思考，依靠这一法则来禁锢人工智能的思维，不威胁人类的主导地位。
